Chaining on Sloping Ground (Simple Notes) When measuring distances on a hill or slope, we always need to find the flat horizontal distance , not the actual sloped ground distance. There are two main ways to do this: 1. Direct Method (Stepping Method) In this method, you measure the flat horizontal distance directly on the field by creating small, flat steps. Best For: Short, bumpy, irregular, or gentle slopes. How it works (Step-by-Step): Start: The Follower holds the 0-end of the tape flat on the starting ground point A. Stretch: The Leader pulls a short, comfortable length of the tape forward and lifts it up until it looks perfectly flat and straight by eye judgment. Drop: Because the front end of the tape is hanging in the air, the Leader drops a plumb-bob (a weight on a string) down to find the exact vertical point on the ground. Mark & Repeat: They stick an arrow into that ground point. The Follower moves to this new arrow, and they repeat the steps all the way u...
Definition of environment
Environment consists of all sum total of the stimulation that the individual receives from conception until death . It covers all those circumstances which assert their influence receives from conception untill death.
Ecology ecology is a new science which deals with the various principles which govern the relationship and interdependence between organisms and their environment.
Characteristics of ecology
1- It is science study for analysis the relation between organism and environment.
2 it include the structure and function together for full understanding of this vast Nature.
3 it is the study of interrelationships and interdependence between organisms and environment.
4 it is the study of organisms in relation of their environment
5 it is the science of all the relations of all organisms to all their environments
6 it is the science of ecosystem . The ecosystem is an important ecological unit
7 it is the science of interrelation between organisms and their environment.
Objective of ecology
1 To study the relationship between living organisms and environment
2 To provide the true understanding of the structure and functions of the vast Nature
3 To analysis the interdependency between organisms and environmental components.
4 To interpret the world life in terms of natural processes.
Sustainable development
Sustainable development is a concept defined as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by world commission on environment development.
Need for sustainable development
We have need for food , shelter , clothes , entertainment, cultural and spiritual substances and a host of the other material and non material things . The development processes that we have adopted are supposed to provide these besides ensuring that every one has access to them.
Kind of ecology
1 Animal ecology
2 Plant ecology
When equal emphasis is given to Animals and plants it is termed as bioecology.
Ecology is broadly divided into
1 Autecology
2 Synecology
Autecology
Autecology deals with the relationship of one species of organism. An Autecologist studies the life history, population,dynamics, behaviour.
Autecology, the study of the interactions of an individual organism or a single species with the living and nonliving factors of its environment
Synecology
Synecology deals with the ecological studies of communities or entire ecosystem.
A subfield of ecology concerned with the relations between groups of organisms or coexisting biological communities.
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