Chaining on Sloping Ground (Simple Notes) When measuring distances on a hill or slope, we always need to find the flat horizontal distance , not the actual sloped ground distance. There are two main ways to do this: 1. Direct Method (Stepping Method) In this method, you measure the flat horizontal distance directly on the field by creating small, flat steps. Best For: Short, bumpy, irregular, or gentle slopes. How it works (Step-by-Step): Start: The Follower holds the 0-end of the tape flat on the starting ground point A. Stretch: The Leader pulls a short, comfortable length of the tape forward and lifts it up until it looks perfectly flat and straight by eye judgment. Drop: Because the front end of the tape is hanging in the air, the Leader drops a plumb-bob (a weight on a string) down to find the exact vertical point on the ground. Mark & Repeat: They stick an arrow into that ground point. The Follower moves to this new arrow, and they repeat the steps all the way u...
ERRORS IN SURVEYING There is a possibility of the following types of errors creeping into the survey work (1) Natural error (2) Instrumental error (3) Personal error (1) Natural error This errors in survey comes in due to bad weather , storm ,heat,rains, scorching sun , moisture, magnetic clash . survey work should be stopped in bad weather. (2) Instrumental error This error creeps in due to surveying with defective or faulty instruments. The measurements obtained on the field with such instrument would not be trusted. (3) Personal error The surveyor not being healthy for the survey work ,or his being weak sighted . incorrect identification of the aim , drawing projections incorrectly , carelessness or forgetfulness in noting down measurements not understanding the sign of the assistant correctly, being disinterested in work are some such personal errors which can be avoided by being attentive. Classification errors (1) C...