Chaining on Sloping Ground (Simple Notes) When measuring distances on a hill or slope, we always need to find the flat horizontal distance , not the actual sloped ground distance. There are two main ways to do this: 1. Direct Method (Stepping Method) In this method, you measure the flat horizontal distance directly on the field by creating small, flat steps. Best For: Short, bumpy, irregular, or gentle slopes. How it works (Step-by-Step): Start: The Follower holds the 0-end of the tape flat on the starting ground point A. Stretch: The Leader pulls a short, comfortable length of the tape forward and lifts it up until it looks perfectly flat and straight by eye judgment. Drop: Because the front end of the tape is hanging in the air, the Leader drops a plumb-bob (a weight on a string) down to find the exact vertical point on the ground. Mark & Repeat: They stick an arrow into that ground point. The Follower moves to this new arrow, and they repeat the steps all the way u...
Characteristics of aggregate Aggregate must be clean, hard ,strong , properly shaped and well graded. The aggregate must possess chemical stability, resistance to abrasion and to freezing and thawing.they should not contain deleterious material which may causes physical ir chemical changes . The properties of aggregate for concerete are discussed under the following heads 1) Particles size and shape 2) Surface texture 3) specific gravity 4) Bulk density 5) Voids 6) Water absorption 7) surface moisture 8) Bulking of sand 9) Deleterious material in the aggregate 1) Particles size and shape The size and shape of aggregate significantly influence the mobility i.e.. the workability fresh concerete and the bond between the aggregate and the mortar phase .The rounded aggregates are available in the form of river or seashore gravel which are fully waterworm or compeletly shaped by attrition, where irr...