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Showing posts from April, 2024

Chaining on sloping ground

  Chaining on Sloping Ground (Simple Notes) When measuring distances on a hill or slope, we always need to find the flat horizontal distance , not the actual sloped ground distance. There are two main ways to do this: 1. Direct Method (Stepping Method) In this method, you measure the flat horizontal distance directly on the field by creating small, flat steps. Best For: Short, bumpy, irregular, or gentle slopes. How it works (Step-by-Step): Start: The Follower holds the 0-end of the tape flat on the starting ground point A. Stretch: The Leader pulls a short, comfortable length of the tape forward and lifts it up until it looks perfectly flat and straight by eye judgment. Drop: Because the front end of the tape is hanging in the air, the Leader drops a plumb-bob (a weight on a string) down to find the exact vertical point on the ground. Mark & Repeat: They stick an arrow into that ground point. The Follower moves to this new arrow, and they repeat the steps all the way u...
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Surveying in English chapter 2( chain

  Types of chain   Following are various types of chain in common use  1-Metric chain... 2-Gunter's chain or surveyor's chain.   3-Engineering chain.   4-Revenue chain... 5-Steel band or band chain.  Metric chain   A metric chain in surveying is a measuring tool used to determine distances in land surveying. It consists of 100 links, each link being 0.2 meters in length, totaling 20 meters. Surveyors use the metric chain by laying it out along the ground in a straight line and counting the number of chains to measure distances accurately. This method provides precise measurements crucial for mapping land, constructing buildings, and determining property boundaries. The metric chain is a fundamental instrument in the field of surveying, allowing for accurate and reliable measurements over various terrains and landscapes. Gunter's chain  Gunter's chain is a traditional surveying instrument used for measuring distances on land. It consists of 100 lin...
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प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास के स्त्रोत

  प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास के स्त्रोत  साहित्यिक स्त्रोत    .  प्राचीन भारतीय साहित्यिक स्त्रोतों के रूप में धार्मिक साहित्य तथा धर्मेतर का अध्ययन किया जाता है। धार्मिक साहित्य  धार्मिक साहित्य को दो भागों में बांटा जा सकता है। ब्राह्मण साहित्य तथा ब्राह्यणेत्तर साहित्य। ब्राह्मण साहित्य   ये प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास की जानकारी के प्रमुख स्त्रोत है। यद्यपि भारत के प्राचीनतम साहित्य प्रधानता: धर्म संबंधी ही है , फिर भी ऐसे अनेक ब्राह्मण ग्रंथ है  जिनके द्वारा प्राचीन भारतीय सभ्यता एवम संस्कृति पर प्रकाश पड़ता है इसके अंतर्गत वेद,ब्राह्मण, उपनिषद्, आरण्यक उपवेद महाकाव्य पुराण त्या स्मृतियाँ आदि आती है ।  वेद  वेद भारत की प्राचीनतम साहित्य है, जिसके सकलनकर्त्ता महर्षि कृष्ण द्वैपायन वेदव्यास को माना जाता है। वेदो की कुल सख्या चार है - ऋग्वेद , यजुर्वेद, सामवेद , तया अथर्ववेद ।  इन चारो वेदो को साम्मिलित रूप से संहिता के नाम से जाता है।  ऋग्वेद (1500 ई. पू . - 1000 ई.पू.)  नोट ऋग्वेद की प्रासंगिता को देखते हुए यूनेस्को द्वारा इसे व...
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