Chaining on Sloping Ground (Simple Notes) When measuring distances on a hill or slope, we always need to find the flat horizontal distance , not the actual sloped ground distance. There are two main ways to do this: 1. Direct Method (Stepping Method) In this method, you measure the flat horizontal distance directly on the field by creating small, flat steps. Best For: Short, bumpy, irregular, or gentle slopes. How it works (Step-by-Step): Start: The Follower holds the 0-end of the tape flat on the starting ground point A. Stretch: The Leader pulls a short, comfortable length of the tape forward and lifts it up until it looks perfectly flat and straight by eye judgment. Drop: Because the front end of the tape is hanging in the air, the Leader drops a plumb-bob (a weight on a string) down to find the exact vertical point on the ground. Mark & Repeat: They stick an arrow into that ground point. The Follower moves to this new arrow, and they repeat the steps all the way u...
Form work Form work is a temporary structure that hold the plastic concrete in its original position until it is sufficiently rigid. When the concrete is able to lift its own and overhead load, the form work is removed. The form work should be sufficiently strong and firm to bear the weight of wet concrete, the impacts generated when compaction of concrete and the load of concreting workers, if the form work bends or shrinks at the time of concreting or during the hardening period of the concrete ,the final appearance of the concrete structure will be distorted, which is very difficult to fix later.if the concrete components are bent or bent slightly for some reason while moulded , then later ,like other construction materials, they cannot repaired.the deffective part has to be broken and re cast. Part of form work The complete form work is divided into two parts. (1) Shuttering (2) Centering Or Staging 1) Shuttering The mold that is prepared to mold...