Shear Strength of Soil, Mohr Coulomb Theory, Terzaghi Modified Coulomb Law, Angle of Repose, Soil Mechanics Notes, Foundation Design, Slope Stability, Retaining Wall Pressure, Civil Engineering Basics
Shear Strength of Soil – Definition, Components, Formula & Importance in Civil Engineering
🔹 Introduction: What is Shear Strength of Soil?
Shear Strength refers to the resistance of soil against sliding or failure when subjected to stress or load.
In simple terms —
When load or pressure is applied on soil, it either remains stable or fails (slips).
The ability of soil to resist slipping or deformation is called its Shear Strength.
🧱 Example:
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Dry sandy soil slips easily when stepped on — meaning low shear strength.
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Moist or cohesive clayey soil sticks together — meaning higher shear strength.
⚙️ Main Components of Shear Strength
| Component | Meaning | Dominant in Soil Type |
|---|---|---|
| Cohesion (c) | The binding force between soil particles | Clayey soil |
| Internal Friction (φ) | Resistance due to interparticle friction | Sandy soil |
📘 Formula (Mohr–Coulomb Equation):
Where:
-
τ (tau) = Shear strength of soil
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c = Cohesion
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σ (sigma) = Normal stress
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φ (phi) = Angle of internal friction
👉 The higher the cohesion and friction, the greater the soil’s ability to resist failure.
🧩 Practical Importance in Civil Engineering
-
Foundation Design:
Determines whether the soil beneath a structure can safely support the load. -
Slope Stability (Landslide Prevention):
Used to check the stability of slopes, embankments, and hill roads. -
Retaining Wall Design:
Helps calculate lateral earth pressure exerted by soil behind the wall. -
Roads & Embankments:
Ensures the soil can bear the load of pavement or dam structures without shear failure.
🧪 Laboratory Tests for Shear Strength
| Test Name | Description / Application |
|---|---|
| Direct Shear Test | Most common and simple test |
| Triaxial Compression Test | Most accurate and modern method |
| Unconfined Compression Test (UCC) | Used for cohesive clay soils |
| Vane Shear Test | Field test for soft clays |
These tests help engineers determine the soil’s safe bearing capacity and stability parameters.
🧭 Angle of Repose – Explained Simply
Angle of Repose is the maximum slope angle at which loose soil, sand, or granular material remains stable without sliding.
| Type of Soil | Typical Angle (°) |
|---|---|
| Sand | 30°–35° |
| Clay | 15°–25° |
👉 The greater the angle, the more stable the material.
🔸 Applications:
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Designing slopes and embankments
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Retaining wall and foundation design
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Soil stability analysis
⚡ Coulomb’s Law in Soil Mechanics
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was the first to explain soil shear strength in terms of two primary forces:
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Cohesion (c) – the internal bonding between soil particles
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Friction (φ) – resistance due to particle interlocking and surface roughness
Coulomb’s Shear Strength Equation:
💡 In Simple Words:
Coulomb stated that soil strength depends on how well the particles stick together (cohesion) and how strongly they resist sliding (friction).
🧠 Terzaghi’s Modified Coulomb Law (1936)
Karl Terzaghi, the “Father of Soil Mechanics,” modified Coulomb’s theory to make it applicable to real soils, which are both cohesive and frictional.
⚙️ Terzaghi’s Modified Equation:
| Coulomb Theory | Terzaghi’s Modification |
|---|---|
| Considers only friction | Includes both cohesion and friction |
| Applicable for dry sand | Suitable for clay & all types of soils |
| Purely theoretical | Experimentally verified |
📘 Exam Definition:
“Terzaghi modified Coulomb’s shear strength law by stating that total shear strength of soil depends on both cohesion (c) and internal friction (φ).”
🏁 Conclusion
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Shear Strength of Soil defines the soil’s ability to resist failure under applied stress.
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It is essential for foundation stability, slope protection, retaining wall design, and road or embankment construction.
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The Mohr-Coulomb theory and Terzaghi’s modification form the foundation of modern soil mechanics.
✅ In short, Cohesion (c) and Internal Friction (φ) together determine how strong and stable the soil truly is.
Summary Table
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| Shear Strength Formula | τ = c + σ tan φ |
| Components | Cohesion & Internal Friction |
| Tests | Direct, Triaxial, UCC, Vane |
| Inventor | Coulomb (1776), modified by Terzaghi (1936) |
| Applications | Foundation, Slope, Retaining Wall, Roads |
| Angle of Repose | 30°–35° (sand), 15°–25° (clay) |
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