Compass Surveying
Compass surveying is a method of surveying in which the direction of survey lines is determined using a magnetic compass. It is primarily used in small to medium-scale surveying where angular measurements are required along with linear measurements. This method is widely used in civil engineering, civil works, forestry, and topographical mapping.
History
Compass surveying has been practiced since the 16th century, when magnetic compasses became reliable for navigation and land measurement.
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The prismatic compass was introduced in the 19th century for improved accuracy.
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In India, compass surveying was extensively used during the British colonial period for mapping and revenue purposes.
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Modern surveying often replaces traditional compass surveying with total stations and GPS, but the compass method remains important for educational purposes and in areas without modern instruments.
Overview
In compass surveying:
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The survey area is traversed along survey lines, also called traverse lines.
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Directions are measured using a magnetic compass, and distances are measured using a chain or tape.
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Magnetic bearings are used to plot the lines on a map.
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This method is also called traverse surveying because it involves a sequence of connected survey lines.
Principles of Compass Surveying
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Traverse Lines: The survey area is covered by straight lines connecting stations.
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Magnetic Bearings: Directions of survey lines are determined with a magnetic compass.
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Linear Measurement: Distances along each traverse line are measured with chains or tapes.
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Correction of Errors: Adjustments are made for magnetic declination and local attractions.
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Plotting: The traverse is plotted on graph or coordinate paper after measurements.
Types of Compass
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Prismatic Compass
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Most commonly used in field surveys.
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Includes a sighting vane and prism for accurate angular measurement.
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Surveyor’s Compass (Plain Compass)
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Simpler design with graduated circle and magnetic needle.
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Suitable for basic angular measurement in the field.
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Instruments Required
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Compass (Prismatic or Surveyor’s)
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Chain or Tape
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Arrows or Marking Pins
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Ranging Rods
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Pegs and Mallet
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Field Book
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Graph Paper for plotting
Advantages
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Quick and simple method for measuring directions.
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Does not require high skill or expensive instruments.
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Useful for small to medium-scale surveys.
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Can be used in forested or hilly areas where other methods are difficult.
Limitations
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Accuracy affected by local attractions (metallic objects, iron structures).
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Magnetic bearings may vary due to magnetic declination.
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Not suitable for high-precision engineering works.
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Errors accumulate in long traverses if proper adjustment is not done.
Applications
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Topographical mapping of small areas
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Forest surveys
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Preliminary engineering surveys
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Land and revenue surveys
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Alignment of roads and railways in small-scale projects
See Also
References
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Bannister, A., Raymond, S., & Baker, R. (1998). Surveying. Pearson Education.
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Kanetkar, T.P. & Kulkarni, S.V. (2013). Surveying and Levelling. Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan.
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Arora, K.R. (2015). Surveying Vol. 1. Standard Book House.
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Chandra, A.M. (2008). Engineering Surveying. New Age International.
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