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  Form work  Form work is a temporary structure that hold the plastic concrete in its original position until it is sufficiently rigid. When the concrete is able to lift its own and overhead load, the form work is removed. The form work should be sufficiently strong and firm to bear the weight of wet concrete, the impacts generated when compaction of concrete and the load of concreting workers, if the form work bends or shrinks at the time of concreting or during the hardening period of the concrete ,the final appearance of the concrete structure will be distorted, which is very difficult to fix later.if the concrete components are bent or bent slightly for some reason while moulded , then later ,like other construction materials, they cannot repaired.the deffective part has to be broken and re cast.  Part of form work  The complete form work is divided into two parts. (1) Shuttering  (2) Centering Or Staging  1) Shuttering The mold that is prepared to mold...

  Helical reinforcement  Helical reinforcement, also known as spiral reinforcement, is a type of reinforcement used in columns and other structural elements of buildings. It consists of helical-shaped bars that are wrapped around the longitudinal steel bars or rebars in a concrete column. The primary purpose of helical reinforcement is to provide additional lateral support and confinement to the concrete, enhancing the column's load-bearing capacity and ductility . The helical reinforcement helps in controlling cracks and improving the overall performance of the column, especially in earthquake-prone areas. It effectively prevents the concrete from spalling or delaminating during seismic events or other overloading situations. Overall, helical reinforcement is a valuable technique in structural engineering to ensure the stability and safety of columns in buildings and other structures. Pitch of helical reinforcement The pitch of the helical turns should not be more than  ...